Gender Differences In Susan Glaspells Trifles - 885 Words

Introduction Susan Glaspell’s Trifles is a play about the effect of gender differences on perceptions of duty, law, and justice. The early 1900’s is the setting, arriving at the Wright farmhouse on a crisp, cold morning. Mr. Hale, a neighbor, found John Wright murdered the morning before. Hale has brought his wife, the county attorney, the sheriff and his wife to the home so the men can investigate Wright’s death. With Mrs. Wright as the primary suspect, Henderson, the county attorney, is looking for her motive. While the sheriff and the county attorney are busy looking at the mess left in the kitchen, the women are noticing some of the smaller things, the trifles according to Mr. Hale. The men go upstairs, and that is when Mrs. Hale†¦show more content†¦In the play, Mrs. Hale discusses with Mrs. Peters the situation at Mrs. Wright’s home. Ultimately, both women immediately hit with compassion and empathy for Mrs. Wright start to put two and two t ogether. How Men and Women View Duty Differently One’s duty is something they must do as part of their job or something that is the â€Å"right† thing to do. Men, in general, tend to stick to a straight and narrow scope of things whereas women think with emotion and more along the lines of what is right and what is wrong morally. Furthermore, as seen in the play, the women feel a bond with one and other and tend to stick together to protect themselves. In this story, the men are there to do their jobs, and the women are only there to gather a few things for Mrs. Wright. Unfortunately, with arrogance, the men insult Mrs. Wright’s housekeeping and in turn offend Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters, correspondingly, triggering their empathy for Mrs. Wright. Once the men retreat upstairs, the women settle in and begin discussing Mrs. Wright’s home life. While talking, Mrs. Peters notices a quilt Mrs. Wright’s making, and they start talking about that. Just then the men co me back downstairs and overhear them pondering whether Mrs.Wright would â€Å"quilt it or knot it† (Ronson 188). Of course, upon hearing this, the men break out in laughter further offending the ladies. Strike three, at this point it is fair to say the women feel belittled and think theShow MoreRelatedGender Differences In Susan Glaspells Trifles1158 Words   |  5 PagesGender Differences in Susan Glaspell s  Trifles Susan Glaspell s  Trifles  is a play about the effect of gender differences on perceptions of duty, law, and justice. The play takes place in the 1900’s, a time during which women had very few rights and were often seen as their husband’s property. Though during this time in history women were perceived as being inferior to men. The play has an unexpected twist which portrays a group of women going against social norms to solve the mystery surroundingRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Susan Glaspell s Trifles 1714 Words   |  7 Pagesfor Emily written by William Faulkner and Trifles written by Susan Glaspell loneliness, poverty and isolation consume the lives of the characters. Susan Glaspell’s play â€Å"Trifles† written in 1916. In this play the author’s talks of her preoccupation with culture- bound notions of gender and sex roles. Glaspell says women are considered trifles which mean they are not important to society which is carried out by men (Baym, p. 742). In Trifles written by Susan Glaspell the time is in the early 20th centuryRead MoreTiffles Annotated Bibliography1375 Words   |  6 PagesTrifles Annotated Bibliography Alkalay-Gut, Karen. Jury of Her Peers: The Importance of Trifles. Studies in Short Fiction 21 (Winter 1984): 1-9. In this deeper look into Trifles, Karen goes through the plot and discusses what you should pay more attention too. She describes the symbolism in some of the objects as well as explain the scenes and their little details. Karen finds the difference between male and female perceptions of judgment to be central to the play. She explains that youRead More Gender Roles in Susan Glaspells A Jury Of Her Peers and Trifles 1176 Words   |  5 PagesGender Roles in Susan Glaspells A Jury Of Her Peers and Trifles  Ã‚   Twentieth century society places few stereotypical roles on men and women.   The men are not the sole breadwinners, as they once were, and the women are no longer the sole homemakers.   The roles are often reversed, or, in the case of both parents working, the old roles are totally inconsequential.   Many works of literature deal with gendered roles and their effect on society as a whole or on an individual as a person.   A JuryRead MoreTrifles Analysis945 Words   |  4 PagesSusan Glaspell’s Trifles is a feminist drama that involves three women, a murder, and three over-controlling male counterparts. Although this play was published in 1916, some of the issues Glaspell introduces still plague our society today. Glaspell clearly introduces a divide between men and their masculinity and women and their femininity. Throughout the drama, there are three main conflicts that all support one main thesis; Mrs. Wright versus Mr. Wright, the lawmen bashing Mrs. Wright, and th eRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers1408 Words   |  6 PagesGrowing up in Iowa in the 1800s and 1900s, Susan Glaspell took inspiration for many of her stories from personal experiences. As a former courthouse reporter herself, Glaspell’s short story â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† is based largely on her involvement with a murder case and a kitchen she recalled investigating. â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers,† a rendition of her early play, Trifles, focuses on the homicide of an abusive husband by his wife. While the men investigating the case overlook the various signs of abuseRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles 1358 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Trifles† is written by the mid-1900s feminist author Susan Glaspell. The one act play depicts the conflict surrounding the murder of John Wright and his wife’s, Minnie Wright’s, involvement in his strangulation. While this drama appears to tell the simple tale of a murder investigation, Glaspell inte rtwines her feminist views into the plot. The male and female characters’ investigations of John Wright’s death reveal a deeper meaning. The stark contrasts between the men and women in the story displayRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles : Gender Differences And Stereotyping Explored2016 Words   |  9 PagesSusan Glaspell’s Trifles: Gender Differences and Stereotyping Explored Susan Glaspell’s Trifles is a dramatic play with satirical content that points out gender differences and how stereotyping affects perceptions of duty, justice, and law. Glaspell wrote Trifles in 1916, a time in America where women were consistently expected to be housewives and nothing more. Women’s limitations were clearly a spark of inspiration and reason for Glaspell to write Trifles, criticizing society with feministic intelligenceRead MoreTrifles : Susan Glaspell s Trifles940 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is a trifle? A trifle is something that has little to no importance (dictionary.com). For instance, the color of your nails would be considered a trifle. In Trifles by Susan Glaspell, women are criticized and made fun of by men because of the little things they worry about, such as the color of their nails or their hair. This exhibits the gender role difference portrayed during the play’s time period. The central conflict is what the plot is centered around. In Trifles, the central conflictRead MoreWoman in Time Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pagescompelled by overwhelming societal expectations to obey their male counterpart, and preform a set of domestic duties specific to their gender. Today this is not the case, however certain gender related expectations remain intact, and for this reason gender roles are still a prominent aspect of everyday social dynamics. The play â€Å"Trifles† by Susan Glaspell exemplifies gender roles as they were practiced in the early 1900s, by identifying womens subordinate roles in their marriages, and domestic roles

The Philippine Local Fiscal Administration Free Essays

In the Philippines took three forms- devolution, deconcentration and delegation. As Carlno affirms, the framers of the 1987 Constitution institutionalized decentralization with the end-view of realizing democracy and development especially at the grassroots level. Devolution paved way for the transfer of political power from the central government to the local government units. We will write a custom essay sample on The Philippine Local Fiscal Administration or any similar topic only for you Order Now This transfer of power and functions was accompanied by the provision of a higher Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA), broader tax base and a just share In the national ealth to finance devolved responsibilities and provision of various goods and services. This was accompanied by deconcentration which is the transfer of administrative powers and functions from central offices of government agencies to the field offces at the regional, provincial, and municipal/city level. In consonance with the concept that local government units are more responsive to the needs of their communities, deconcentration was institutionalized vis-a- vis devolution as a means tor national government agencies (NGAs) to provide assistance to LGUs by etung standards In the Implementation of various programs and monitor the operation and services of the LGUs along the different socio-economic and political dimensions. Contrary to the past practices wherein the central government through the national government agencies (NGAs) exercises a degree of control in the implementation of programs at the LGU level, deconcentratlon aims to lessen, If not remove, the control from the national government and replace it with supervisory functions. Ideally, through deconcentration, NGAs set standards and supervise LGUS provision of various services to the community (i. DOH and LGLJ health services). Decentralization in the Philippines also took the form of delegation, or what other author calls as â€Å"debureaucratization†. This was the result of the surmounting clamor for participatory governance and active citizenship during the ouster of the late President Ferdinand Marcos through the People’s Power Revolution and even prior to and after the said historic event. The author of the Consitution saw it fit, as a response to the call of the times, to put greater emphasis on the Involvement of non- government organizations, people’s organizations, and the private sector in governance. In this way, democracy and development was believed to be realized when the voices ot the marginalized, poor and other people aggrupations are heard and considered In decision-making at the different government level. In contrast to the experience of other countries, decentralization In the Philippines took a complete form. This may be attributed to the political atmosphere in the 1980S- 1 BOO’s conducive to decentralization and democratic form of government. Colombia deconcentrated its state services but placed a limit In the delegation and devolution of powers. Same can be said with the experiences of Mexico and Togo. The Philippines also has a legal framework conducive to democratic decentralization. Decentrallzatlon tnroDs In tne Article x 0T tne IYB/ constltutlon wnere tne congress is mandated to enact a Local Government Code which â€Å"shall provide for a more responsive and accountable local government structure instituted through a system of decentralization†. Countries like Spain and China lack this legal framework despite substantial decentralization. This means that decentralization in the Philippines possesses a degree of â€Å"permanency’ that would ensure the continuity in LGUs’ exercise of devolved powers and functions. In the words of Katorobo, decentralization in the Philippines has a â€Å"more stable environment† (Katorobo, 2004). The system of decentralization in the country is also more responsive to the needs of the local community. Unlike the experiences of India, China and Russia where powers and functions were only devolved at the state and regional levels, decentralization in the Philippines reaches down to the basic unit of government, the barangays. Due to our countrys bent towards democracy, the Philippines has a â€Å"higher form of decentralization† as compared to other countries (Ibid. . The central government has transferred more powers and functions to the local governments and has provided more avenues for civil society engagement in local governance. Role of Local Fiscal Administration in a Decentralized Setup The transfer of powers and functions to local government units (LGUs) necessitates the transfer and redistribution of financial resources. LGUs need sources and means to finance devolved services. Thus, the Local Government Code of 1991 provided LGUs with an increase in the IRA share, broader tax base, and a Just share in the national wealth. The redistribution of financial resources is essential for LGUs to realize local development as more responsive services are provided to the community. Local fiscal administration plays an important role in the attainment of local development as well as in the attainment of national goals. LGUs have to maximize powers and functions particularly their taxing powers and other functions in line with revenue generation and resource allocation to hasten development at the local level. A good local fiscal administration is needed to realize inclusive growth and poverty reduction as utlined in the Philippine Development Plan 2011- 2016. Improvements in the different aspects of local fiscal administration- systems, structures, processes, officials and personnel, and policy environment- is a means for the local government to obtain higher income levels to finance local government operations and services intended to uplift living conditions in the communities. As stated in the Handbook of Local Fiscal Administration in the Philippines by Celestino, et. al. these improvements may come in the form of new technology, good staffing patterns, adequate skills of ersonnel, heightened awareness of LGUs of available credit facilities, enhanced capacity of LGU for development planning, and the presence of political will among others. These contribute to increased LGU revenues and improved delivery of services to the community. Ultimately, poor living conditions and issues on hum an development (i. e. health diseases, malnutrition, illiteracy, unemployment, underemployment, environmental degradation, etc. ) are addressed when LGUs are able to provide more than adequate services. Improvements along these areas have an intrinsic value to the society. A healthier and educated population is a way of eradicating poverty. Same is true with the provision and generation of Jobs at the local level. same can De sala wltn eTTo rts to protect ana preserve ecological Dalance in any given community. These contribute to the achievement of inclusive growth and eradication of poverty. Local Fiscal Administration 20 Years after the Code’s Enactment A closer look at the 20- year Philippine experience of decentralization,however, shows that the country has succeeded only to a certain extent in its decentralization efforts. Llanto, in his iscussion paper, â€Å"The Assignment of Functions and Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in the Philippines Twenty Years after Decentralization†, has observed that expenditure responsibilities with benefits confined within the territorial Jurisdiction of local governments were correctly assigned to LGUs. By these, he means that the Code correctly devolved functions and responsibilities on social demands and concerns that LGUs are in the best positions to respond to. He also mentioned that the Code ensured a clear tax- expenditure assignment. Nonetheless, despite success tories on decentralization particularly on local fiscal autonomy, Llanto observed pressing issues that need to be addressed if the country has to succeed in its decentralization efforts. These issues are: 1. The presence of two- track delivery system where NGAs perform devolved functions falling under the LGUs. 2. The increase in NGA budgets as a result of overlapping implementation of devolved programs 3. The misallocation of resources at the local level caused by the abuse of the pork barrel. 4. The low locally- sourced revenues in comparison to the total LGU expenditure. 5. The IRA-dependency of LGUs . The mismatch in the increase of expenditures and the quality of services 7. The inequitable access to local tax bases where cities have broader taxing powers than the provinces and municipalities. 8. The inability to raise adequate local revenues to the absence of competent staff and poor revenue generation systems. 9. The poor predictability in the size of the IRA. His suggestions to address these issues include the following: 1. The conduct of regular local public expenditure review 2. The use of poverty index, human development index, or resource indicator instead of the equal sharing criteria. The improvement of local tax administration. 4. The review and updating of local tax codes. 5. The institutionalization of a monitoring and reward system to recognize good local government performance in fiscal administration. 6. The avoidance of the imposition of unfunded mandates by the identification of source of funding apart from the coffers of the local go vernment units 7. The alliance building/ resource pooling among LGUs for activities and services with inter-]urisdictional spillovers. There is still a lot of work to be done in our pursuit of successful decentralization nd the attainment of local development. Legislators and other policy makers have to pause and seriously consider the issues which surfaced in our first 20 years of decentralization. I believe that if we are to make any progress, incremental steps have to be taken towards countering these issues and challenges. And there is no importune time than the present to start providing interventions to the multiple concerns that confront the Philippine decentralization system. 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Accounting Theory Calcify and Interpreted

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory for Calcify and Interpreted. Answer: Introduction Accounting is an organized set of computerized and manual accounting procedures, methods and control established to record, gathered, analyze, calcify, interpreted, summarize and represent effective and correct financial information and data for both management as well as stakeholders. Accounting the vital procedures that helps the organization to build its reputation and increase better performance ineffective and successful manner (Godfrey et al., 2010). The IASB develops the IFRS s with purpose of accomplishing comparable financial statement and report all over the world. Within the organization, study of the accounting theory procedures involves a assessment of both the historical foundations of accounting procedures and practices and the methods in which practices associated with accounting is changed and put into the regulatory framework that manages financial reporting and financial statement. Therefore the present report is discussed about the assessment of the materiality is sues within the organization and stakeholder analysis of the company. The report also focused on the assessment of telnets financial report 2011. At last the report represents the recommendation that helps the company to enhance profits in vital manner. Sustainability is the vital objective of any organization and this can be efffecvely obtained by the management through solving material issues. As stated by the Whittington, (2007)..materiality issues is the most common legal term can have distinguish thinking and meaning depend upon the situation. As per the international Accounting Standards Boards materiality is an entity aspect of significance based upon the magnitude or nature both of the items to which data and information associates in regards of a person entitys financial report. In other manner materiality is about the making judgments based on the vital or significant of several of issues that might be considered for enclosure in the financial reporting of the companies both as per their magnitude and nature (Vorhies, 2005). As per the company i.e. Telenet annual report 2011, It has been seen that organization effectively focused on the materiality issues in order to attack and achieve better stockholder satisfaction. As per the evaluation and findings it has been seen that the main materiality issues associated with the company are customers satisfaction, attractive and retaining talent, product use issues, security and protection of minors, privacy, Access to information communication techniques, reliability of organization services, freedom of expression and work or life balance. The main stakeholders of the company are board of the directors, employees, workers, managers and customers. The main roles and responsibilities of telnet manager is to provide clear direction to its lower level regarding delivering the job within the time limit and what the management wants from them. Employees are the lower level of stakeholders which main roles and reponsiblteis associated with the employees is to complete the management set of objective within the time limit (telenet, 2017). Among the stakeholders the key stakeholders of the company is board of the directors, management and employees. The company financial report it has been identified that the work life balance also one of the vital materiality issues of the company. As per the evaluation and analysis it has been seen that the other materiality issues which the company not includes are the health and wellbeing of employees and cultural and social impact(telenet, 2017). Health and wellbeing of the workers is most vital because if the organization not focused on them then they not be able to execute its business operation in most vital and effective manner. Focusing on the company financial information on the materiality issues mainly to stakeholders, organization has not establish targets or Key performance indicators for each material problems. Moreover from the evaluation it has been seen that the company materiality issues not discus about the governance and compliance. In present the organization mainly focused on the economic performance, environmental, social performance. The main key results at the material review are following; Client in the organization expect better technology and high speed of bandwidth. Moreover as per the analysis it has been said that the organization also requires to promoting effective promotion and protecting the company property to improve the company strength. HRD is indispensable to continuing technology goods and products development and also effective sources of competitiveness. So that it is more vital that the organization needs to improve workers capability and skills, offer better workplaces and respect diversity that helps the organization for everyone work effectively and achieve high profits with better satisfaction (Robichaud, Cooren, 2013). In improving and enhancing compliance and governance to fulfill the development demands of the community. So that it is vital for the telnet to determine these problems and address them in successful manner. Stakeholder communication of the company also plays the most vital role in ensuring accountability and transparency of the company operation. As per the company financial report it has been seen the company main objective and purpose is to focus on the stakeholders satisfaction .Moreover the company objective are to improve better client satisfaction, high profits and expend the market both international and national level. Therefore set of the objective which is established by the organization effectively solved if the company manage materiality issues in most vital and effective manner. The company also focused on the enhancement of customers satisfaction level and customers services. Integrated report is the succinct communication regarding how the companys strategy, performance, governance and prospects in regards to its external environment guide to the creation of the values over medium, short and long term. In other manner, it is the corporate communication procedures that outcomes in communication most effectively and visibly a certain time of period known as integrated report. As stated by the Eccles Krzus,. (2010).integrated reports means integrated presentation of the organizations performance in regards of both values relevant information and financial information. The main objective of the integrated reporting is to improve quality of data and information available to suppliers of financial capital to ensure most productive and efficient allocation of capital. Enhancement of the accountability, social relationship and promoting understanding of organization independencies are the main objective of integrated report. Principle Guidance of IIRC7 The following principle and guiding principles underpin the preparation of an integrated report are; Strategic focused and future orientation: - It is mainly focused upon the companys strategy and how it associates to the companys capacity to make values in the short, long as well as medium report and it utilizes of and impacts on the organization wealth. It provides the presentation and selection of other content and it contains the opportunities, significant risks, dependencies travelling from the business model and companys market position. Connectively of information:- As stated by the Gilman Schulschenk, (2013)Representation of the integrated report includes a holistic picture of the interrelatedness, combination and dependencies between the factors that impact the companys capability to build values over certain time. Stakeholder relationship: - Integrated report needs to provide the information such as stakeholders relationship as well as quality and nature of the relationships with key stakeholders such as employer, employees etc (Mio, 2016). This guidance represents that effectiveness of the relationship with the key stakeholders of the company. Moreover this also includes the manage risks, determination of the material mater such as opportunities and risk. Materiality: - An integrated report must represent the information regarding that substantively impact the companys ability to build values over medium, short and long term. Consciences: An integrated repots must be concise. Completeness and reliability: - Integrated report should contain all the material matters including both negative and positive in balance manner and with not material error. Comparability and consistency: - The information or data disclose in the integrated report should be displayed on the basis of reliable over time and in such manner that enables comparison with other companies to the intent. In simple manner it has been said that it is measured the company capability to build values over certain time period. As per the evaluation and analysis of the company Telenet report it has been seen that company effectively focused on the strategy and future orientation. As per the findings it has been seen that company strategy focused is to improve high clients satisfaction and increase number of the clients during some years. According to the company report, it has been seen that company fused on improvement of the connection i.e. future to 3.5 devices per individuals in 2015 and even above than the 6 device per person in 2010. Thus this information effectively reflects that company follow integrated first rules i.e. strategy focus and future orientation in better manner. As per the company report it has been seen that company prime objective is to measure stakeholder awareness to gain so that this shows that the organization effectively focused on the stakeholders commutation. The organization not effectively shows that connectively of the infoamriton because in financial repot they not mention ed about the non financial performance as well as data effectively (Culpan Trussel, 2005). In order to build better stakeholders confident and achieve high customers satisfaction organization represents materiality matrix that discuss all the materiality issues company faced. The company Telnet effectively shows that relevant issues through materiality matrix such as customers satisfaction, Access to ICT, privacy and security, product use issues etc. As per the evaluation and findings it has been seen that there 15 issues that the company recognized in its materiality matrix. So, that it has been said that in integrated report the organization effectively represent the materiality issues in vital manner. The company financial report is consciences i.e. the information and data the company represent is effective and relent. The company represents the data and infoamriton in reliable comparability and constancy manner that shows in below figure. Stakeholder theories: - Stakeholder theory is the conceptual framework of organization management and business ethics which address ethical and moral values in the management of an organization. The theory was first introduced by the outlines and R.Edward and outlines how management of the company fulfills the stakeholders interests in the organization (Culpan Trussel, 2005). Institutional theory: - Institutional theory based on the more resilient and deeper aspect of the social structure. This procedure is considered by which scheme, structure, rules, routines and regulations become established as trustworthy guidance for social behavior. Legitimacy theory:- As stated by the Whittington, (2007), legitimacy is generalized opinion or perception that the action of entirety are attractive, appropriate and proper within some socially constructed system of values, norms as well as beliefs. In general manner it is said that this theory is posits that organizations are bound by the social contract in which the business is effectively agree to execute several socially wished action in return of approval of the companys objectives and other reward. As per the company financial report is seen that the company effectively focused on the enhancement of both customers as well as employees performance. In the year of 2012 the organization launched the candidate centricity project that is emphasized on the client during the several application stages. In addition to this to achieve high employees satisfactions the management introduce refer a friend program that helps the organization to improve in employees motivation in effective and successful manner. In addition to this telenet objective is to attack customers from diverse backgrounds. The company also implements the internal rotation system that helps the organization to achieve better satisfaction. Therefore, from the evaluation and analysis it has been said that the organization effectively maintain the institutional theory, stakeholder theory as well as legitimacy theories. Capital market is market for safety or security where business government and enterprise can increase long term funds. As stated by the (Godfrey et al., 2010) it is the market in which cash or money is given for certain time of periods longer than time as the increasing of the short term money takes place on the different market. Capital market plays a vital role in national economy. A dynamic, developed and vibrant capital market can add significantly in the prompt economy development and growth. Moreover, capital market aids in the procedures in capital formation. Capital market aids and improves productivity and production in the national economy. As capital market helps the organization to make finance for long period of time, so that the management of the oratgnizaiton effectively met the organization needs by capital market. Therefore the main objective of the company telenet is to represent its corporate report more simple and cover all facts and figures that not only helps the stakeholders to determine the company status but also helps to increase better customers satisfaction.Moreover, the organization needs to build its corporate report in conscious manner that would effectively helps the users to understand the company present scenario. Apart from that the company needs to implement capital market research on the both non accounting and accounting information that would effectively satisfy the customers in vital manner. Use of the above strategy within the corporate report helps the organization to achieve its set of objective in most vital and effective manner. Conclusion and Recommendation As per the above discussion and analysis it has been seen that company annual report plays the vital factors and helps the company to increase brand image in most effective manner. The report shows that the company effectively achieves better stakeholder satisfaction through its annual report because if the data and infoamriton represents simple manner then they invest more money in organization. As per the findings it has been recommend that organization needs to implement all the rules and regulation of IIRC 7 principle guidance that helps the company to achieve its set of objective in vital and successful manner. Referencing telenet. (2017). telenet. [online] Available at: https://investors.telenet.be/phoenix.zhtml?c=241896p=irol-agm [Accessed 1 Apr. 2017]. Godfrey, J., Hodgson, A., Tarca, A., Hamilton, J., Holmes, S. (2010).Accounting theory.-. Wiley. Whittington, G. (2007). Financial accounting theory: An over-view.Profitability, Accounting Theory and Methodology: The Selected Essays of Geoffrey Whittington, 367. Gaffikin, M. (2005). Regulation as accounting theory. Vorhies, J. B. (2005). The new importance of materiality.Journal of Accountancy,199(5), 53. Robichaud, D., Cooren, F. (Eds.). (2013).Organization and organizing: Materiality, agency and discourse. Routledge. Eccles, R. G., Krzus, M. P. (2010).One report: Integrated reporting for a sustainable strategy. John Wiley Sons. Gilman, K., Schulschenk, J. (2013). Sustainability Accounting Standards Board. Mio, C. (2016). Integrated reporting: the iirc framework. InIntegrated Reporting(pp. 1-18). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Culpan, R., Trussel, J. (2005). Applying the agency and stakeholder theories to the Enron debacle: An ethical perspective.Business and Society Review,110(1), 59-76. Suddaby, R. (2010). Challenges for institutional theory. Journal of Management Inquiry, 19(1), 14-20.

Nozick Essays - Deontological Ethics, American Philosophers

Nozick According to Nozick there are three sets of rules of justice, defining: 1. how things not previously possessed by anyone may be acquired; 2. how possession may be transferred from one person to another; and 3. what must be done to rectify injustices arising from violations of (1) and (2). A distribution is just if it has arisen in accordance with these three sets of rules. See pp. 151-2. Nozick does not try to specify in detail the rules under the above three headings ('I shall not attempt that task here', p. 153). However, he does give some further information on rules of acquisition; see p. 174ff. He follows John Locke who as Nozick interprets him held that a person has a right (1) to own what he makes, and (2) to appropriate anything not already owned, provided he leaves 'enough and as good' for others - i.e. provided his appropriation leaves them no worse off. (Nozick calls this the 'Lockean proviso'.) It is not clear how Nozick would defend (1) against his own criticisms of Locke (p. 174-5). As for (2), he points out that the proviso cannot reasonably be taken to mean that there can be no worsening of others' opportunities to appropriate; it must mean that in other respects they are no worse off. Nozick raises the question 'No worse than they would be how?' What is the baseline? In Rawls's theory the representative worst-off person must be no worse off than he would be under any other possible arrangement. Nozick rejects this, but does not define another baseline: 'This question of fixing a baseline needs more detailed investigation that we are able to give it here'; p. 177. However, 'whether or not Locke's particular theory of appropriation can be spelled out so as to handle various difficulties, I assume that any adequate theory of Justice in acquisition will contain a proviso similar to the weaker of the ones we have attributed to Locke'; p. 178. Nozick says that the proviso is violated if a person appropriates all of something necessary to life - or purchases it, or combines with the other owners of it, or finds himself the sole owner when other supplies are lost (e.g. when all the other water holes dry up). Nozick refers to the possibility of losing entitlement to something that was originally yours because of developments since, such as the drying up of other waterholes, as the 'historical shadow' of the Lockean proviso; p. 180. Comparison with Rawls's Theory Nozick classifies theories of justice as (1) either end-result or historical, and (2) either patterned or unpatterned. The entitlement theory is historical and unpatterned. It does not demand that the distribution resulting from just acquisitions, transfers and rectifications be patterned, i.e. correlated with anything else (such as moral merit, need, usefulness to society); people may be entitled to things got by chance or gift. Any distribution, irrespective of any pattern it may or may not have, is just provided it has the appropriate history, provided it did in fact come about in accordance with the rules of acquisition, transfer and rectification. Rawls's theory on the other hand, is an end-result theory. Choice of principles behind a 'veil of ignorance', must be based on calculations about what people are likely to end up with under the various possible sets of principles - there is no other way of choosing (is there?); p. 202. Therefore if any historical entitlement theory is correct, Rawls's approach is wrong. Notice that this imposes on Rawls in the job of showing that no possible version of an historical entitlement theory could be correct. He might reply that he intends to stick to his own theory until someone actually produces a correct entitlement theory; Nozick has not, because his theory is merely a sketch with many important details not worked out. Nozick points out (p. 207 ff) an analogy between his own entitlement theory and the process by which in Rawls's theory the rules of justice are arrived at. Rawls specifies an initial situation and a process of deliberation, and say that whatever rules results from this are the rules of justice; similarly Nozick specifies a process, and says that whatever distribution results is just. 'Each theory specifies starting points and processes of transformation, and each accepts whatever comes out'. But Rawls's process for generating principles cannot generate process principles, but only end-result principles. Nozick says that this is ironic. It presents a dilemma: if processes are 'so great', it is a defect that the process cannot lead to process principles of justice; if processes are

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the relationship between stressors and ill health. Critically evaluate these mechanisms as valid explanations for stress-link illness. The WritePass Journal

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the relationship between stressors and ill health. Critically evaluate these mechanisms as valid explanations for stress-link illness. Abstract Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the relationship between stressors and ill health. Critically evaluate these mechanisms as valid explanations for stress-link illness. AbstractIntroductionMechanisms which explain the relationship between the occurrence of stress and illness.Stress which causes increased heart rate which may lead to coronary heart diseaseStress which leads to the suppression of the immune systemStress which leads to disturbances in the digestive tract that can cause gastric ulcersConclusionReferencesRelated Abstract This essay has been written to seek to undertake analyse and critically evaluate the relationship between the stress and causal mechanisms which have been proved to cause physical illnesses.   The research which has examined these phenomena shall be surmised and discussed to seek to ascertain if there are valid and reliable research studies that have proven that there is a causal link between these two factors. Introduction In this essay the relationship between the psychological conditions referred to as stress and causal mechanisms which have been proved to cause physical illnesses shall be discussed and the research pertaining to this shall be critically evaluated.   The three main mechanisms which will be examined are as follows: Stress which causes increased heart rate which may lead to coronary heart disease (Friedman Rosenman, 1974). Stress which leads to the suppression of the immune system which may lead to an increased occurrence of viral infections such as, colds or flu (Kiecolt-Glaser al., 1984). Stress which leads to disturbances in the digestive tract that can cause gastric ulcers (Brady, 1958). Each of these shall now be discussed and critically evaluated in turn. Mechanisms which explain the relationship between the occurrence of stress and illness. Stress which causes increased heart rate which may lead to coronary heart disease Friedman Rosenman (1974) undertook a longitudinal study which sought to identify basic types of behaviour.   Their study consisted of asking 3,200 male respondents to complete a questionnaire.   Then from the results of this based on the respondents response and their manner each respondent was placed into one of three types (Friedman Rosenman, 1974).   They identified three types, which are referred as A, B and C.   Individuals that exhibit Type A behaviours often have a desire to achieve their goals, a tendency to be competitive, desire recognition for their work and have a tendency to rush their work tasks.   Comparatively, those who exhibit Type B behavioural traits have no drive, ambition, sense to compete or urgency.   Those that exhibited Type C behaviours were considered to be hardworking and nice (Friedman Rosenman, 1974).   Eight years after they have carried out this research, 257of the respondents that had taken part in the study had developed coronary he art disease.   Overall, out of the 257 respondents 70% had been classified as having Type A behavioural traits (Friedman Rosenman, 1974).   This indicates that one of the mechanisms that may lead to the development of coronary heart disease in men is the types of behaviour that they exhibit However, though there are close correlations between Friedman Rosenman’s (1974) study and the occurrence of coronary heart disease in those with Type A behavioural traits this does not fully explain the occurrence of this phenomena.   This is because the evidence that this is based on does not consider a number of other factors which may have led to these respondents developing coronary heart disease such as, the lifestyle choices that they may have chosen.   In addition, to this these findings cannot be generalised to wider populations as they are based on a small sample of men.   Additionally there is no information pertaining to the respondent’s general state of health, age or circumstances at the time at which they undertook part in the research study, so it is impossible to ascertain if their coronary heart disease was caused by their behavioural type.   Therefore, though this study suggested that there may be a correlation between these two factors the ev idence to support this hypothesis is lacking.   This is also true of similar studies that have been undertaken to examine these phenomena (Chandoda et. al., 2008; House, 1974). Stress which leads to the suppression of the immune system Further to, Friedman Rosenman’s (1974) study, Kiecolt-Glaser et.al. (1984) concluded that stress may lead to the suppression of the immune system.   This suppression may cause the increased occurrence of viral infections such as, colds or flu.   Kiecolt-Glaser et.al. (1984) took blood samples from 75 student volunteers one month (control reading) before and on the first day of their exams (stress reading).   They also asked the volunteers to complete questionnaires which were designed to evaluate their psychiatric state of mind, their loneliness and ascertain if any other life events had occurred.   From these they discovered that on the first day of their exams many of the students had lower levels of natural cells which are used to fight infections.   They also ascertained that other problems such as, loneliness and depression was all associated with a weakened immune system (Kiecolt-Glaser et.al., 1984). This research shows that there may be a correlation between the occurrence of stress and a weakened immune system (Kiecolt-Glaser et.al., 1984).   The study was undertaken at a time when the students were naturally exposed to stress as they were sitting their final examinations and this means that the studys results are valid (Kiecolt-Glaser et.al., 1984).   However, because this was a natural study, other variable which may have affected the results of the research were difficult to control, therefore we cannot be sure that stress automatically leads to a weakened immune system.   However, a number of other studies have found that stress may lead to a weakened immune response (as an example see: Cohen et.al. 1991; Kimzey, 1975; Riley, 1981).   Therefore, though the results from the Kiecolt-Glaser et.al. (1984) study may have been accurate after all. Stress which leads to disturbances in the digestive tract that can cause gastric ulcers Finally, Brady (1958) undertook an experiment which sought to link stress to disturbances in the digestive tract.   He attached two monkeys to each other and then every 20 second for six hours at a time he shocked them with electricity.   One of the monkeys was classed as an executive and they were able to delay the shocks for 20 seconds at a time.   However, they could not stop them completely.   This experiment resulted in the monkeys who were classed as executives, subsequently being diagnosed with stomach ulcers as a result of this they died (Brady, 1958).   Brady concluded from these results that as the executive monkey had been in control they had become stressed and developed stomach ulcers which had led to their demise.   Therefore, he believed that there was a correlation between stress and the development of stomach ulcers. When we examine Brady’s (1958) study, we can see that there are flaws in his methodology.   Weiss (1972) used the same methodology with rats as control subjects and did not find that the executives developed stomach ulcers.   Therefore, Brady’s (1958) study does not prove conclusively that those suffering from stress will develop stomach ulcers.   Other scholars (Bhatia Tandon, 2005; Yabana Yachi, 1988) have also sought to link stress to being a casual factor in the development of stomach ulcers however they reached the same conclusions as Weiss (1972). Each of the three mechanisms that have been discussed above which have been utilised to investigate the causal link between stress and illness have not conclusively proven that there is one.   The most viable of these three hypotheses is that there may be a causal link between the onset of stress and the development of a weakened immune system (Cohen et.al., 1991; Kimzey, 1975; Riley, 1981). Conclusion This essay sought to investigate the causal relationships between stress and physical illnesses.   Three mechanisms that have been explored by scholars were discussed and critically evaluated (Brady, 1958; Friedman Rosenman, 1974; Kiecolt-Glaser et. al., 1984).   However, the only one of these three mechanisms which may prove that there is a link between stress and the development of physical illnesses is that which identified that stress may lead to a weakened immune response (Cohen et.al., 1991; Kimzey, 1975; Riley, 1981).   Therefore, the evidence to prove that stress is a causal factor in the onset of physical illnesses is contradictory and limited due to the limitations of the studies which have been undertaken.   That is not to say that all of the studies that have been undertaken to explore this casual link are not valid, but that their methods and results must be carefully analysed before we accept their conclusions as valid. References Bhatia, V., Tandon, R. K. (2005). Stress and the gastrointestinal tract.Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology,  20(3), 332-339. Brady, J. V. (1958). Ulcers in executive monkeys.  Scientific American, 199 (4), 95-100 Chandola, T., Britton, A., Brunner, E., Hemingway, H., Malik, M., Kumari, M., Marmot, M. (2008). Work stress and coronary heart disease: what are the mechanisms?.  European Heart Journal,  29(5), 640-648. Cohen, S., Tyrrell, D. A., Smith, A. P. (1991). Psychological stress in humans and susceptibility to the common cold. N. Engl. J. Med. 325, 606–612. Friedman, M. and Rosenman, R.H. (1974). Type A Behaviour and Your Heart. New York: Knopf. House, J. S. (1974). Occupational stress and coronary heart disease: A review and theoretical integration.  Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 12-27. Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Garner, W., Speicher, C. E., Penn, G., Glaser, R. (1984). Psychosocial modiï ¬ ers of immunocompetence in medical students. Psychosom. Med. 46, 7–14. Kimzey, S. L. (1975). The effects of extended spaceï ¬â€šight on hematologic and immunologic systems. J. Am. Med. Womens Assoc. 30, 218–232. Riley, V. (1981). Psychoneuroendocrine influences on immunocompetence and neoplasia.  Science,  212(4499), 1100-1109. Weiss, J. M. (1971). Effects of punishing the coping response (conflict) on stress pathology in rats.  Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology,  77(1), 14. Yabana, T., Yachi, A. (1988). Stress-induced vascular damage and ulcer.Digestive diseases and sciences,  33(6), 751-761

The Importance of a Residency Statement

The Importance of a Residency Statement Whether you are writing your residency statement or a nursing essay, there are several rules you must follow in order to ensure success. As someone with a great deal of experience writing and proofing college application essays, I have compiled a list of four fundamental rules that I believe are essential to writing good composition. If you are interested in learning about these rules, please read on. There are four crucial chapters in writing a good application essay. They are: creating an outline, composing the body, revision, and proofreading. As elementary as these might seem, youd be amazed at how well they work. Despite the desire you might have to rush through your essay and get it done, I must insist that you remain calm and allow yourself plenty of time to execute each step. As I said before, creating an outline (and/or road map) for your paper will help drastically in keeping your thoughts organized and your thesis on track. Writing the paper is, of course, the bulk of the job and will probably require the most time. Just as important, however, are the revision and proofreading processes. As these are the final (and often most crucial) steps, you might want to look into hiring a professional to help. While often difficult, writing a residency statement (or any personal essay for that matter) should not be complicated. Following these steps will aid in keeping the writing process on course and save you from getting to lost in the work. For more information about composing a residency statement and/or if you would like someone to proof-read your residency personnel statement, please dont hesitate to contact me.

Evidence-Based Practice Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Evidence-Based Practice Project - Research Paper Example The study found that the combination of blood glucose lowering and blood pressure medication slows the progression of microvascular complications. Similarly, the Turnbull (2009) meta-analysis study found that intensive glucose control leads to a reduced risk of major cardiovascular events, showing a reduction of 9% for major cardiovascular events. Advance Collaborative (2008) found that intensive blood glucose lowering with gliclazide and other drugs resulted in a reduced incidence of combined major macrovascular and microvascular events, as well as major microvascular events, because there also was a reduction of nephropathy. Still another study suggests that any kind of benefit attained by intensive lowering of blood glucose is lost after one year. The study conducted by Hollman et al. (2008) found that the patients who were assigned intensive glucose lowering were compared to patients who were assigned the standard treatment of dietary restriction. While the immediate results were that the intensive glucose lowering showed that the patients had a lower risk of microvascular complications then the patients with conventional dietary therapy, after one year, these advantages were lost. Introduction Patients with diabetes suffer from a variety of ailments. Among these ailments are microvascular and macrovascular diseases. Therefore, therapeutic intervention should be investigated to reduce the risks of a diabetic patient suffering from these ailments. One such intervention is aggressively lowering blood glucose levels through drugs such as glicazide. Therefore, this article will examine studies that are focused around the intervention of blood glucose lowering, and will examine whether this is an intervention that is positive for diabetic patients, with regards to lessening the risk of micro and macrovascular ailments. PICO Question In patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus (P), what is the effect of intensively lowering the blood glucose (I) as compared with s tandard treatment (C) on the incidence of major macro- and microvascular outcomes (O)? Clinical Question Selection Criteria Inclusion Criteria 1. Journals and studies featuring patients who are who are subjected to either intensive glucose lowering or standard treatment. 2. The participants in these studies had either a microvascular or macrovascular cardiac event. 3. The journals were either randomized trials or meta-analyses. 4. Were published in peer reviewed journals. 5. Were reported in English. Exclusion Criteria 1. Journals that reported on either type I diabetes, juvenile diabetes or gestational diabetes. 2. Qualitative studies. 3. Studies that focused upon patients who were under the age of 18. Search Process The process began by looking for studies that had, as their focus, type II diabetes, intensive glucose lowering therapy verses traditional therapy and micro and macrovascular outcomes. These peer-reviewed journals were ones that were written in English. The data bases that were used were Pubmed, Psychosocial Instruments, British Nursing Index, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Library, Psychosocial Instruments, Allied and Alternative Medicine and Sociofile. These databases were searched with the initial terms of type II diabetes, intensive glucose lowering therapy and micro and macrovascular cardiac. The articles were then narrowed down to studies that were randomized or studies which were

The Revolt of the City by Samuel Lubell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Revolt of the City by Samuel Lubell - Essay Example In the third chapter of the book, â€Å"the revolt of the city†, the author describes the revolution that takes place in the event following up to the elections and the even after it. Samuel Lubell says that in the political America of today a two-party system is considered as the pioneer of the prevalent alternating one-party rule. He says that there is a "sun" party denoting the majority party and a "moon" party denoting the minority party. He describes that these majority parties is responsible for dealing the issues of any particular period and fights over it. The world saw that in the 1980s, Republicans ceased the entrepreneurial energies and the democrats did not and so the cold war was ended. This can be denoted as the republican’s â€Å"sun† period. These days the Democrats are on the rise and dominate the system by taking over the economic and the health care issues. The human’s belief proves that humans are most irrational and puzzling ways that the human mind works. Lubell was a sociologist as well. The elections proved the democratic incompetent Harry Truman to be the better man. Even though his ratings had to gone down to 23 percent before the elections but he still won. Every person, every poll, every survey and every pundit predicted the democrat to be solely defeated by the republican Thomas E. Dewey. But, instead the democrat, Harry Truman, won in history’s most startling turn of events in the elections of the 1948. Everyone was so stunned with the outcome that the republicans gasped with shock. Lubell set out to determine the cause of such a turn of tables. This defeat set the entire place on fire and the people on edge. People set out to revolt and a revolution turned up. Lubell went around the country, through a small Midwestern town to Washington dc. The mid2western town was founded at the start of 19th century by the Germans; Lubell was very much amazed to find out that this town had supported Dewey throu gh and through, even though everyone knew that Truman would have been a very logical economic decision for the town’s people. The town’s people said that they had never forgotten the democrat, President Woodrow Wilson, who dominated in 1917. He had declared war on Germans. As the town was full of Germans, so they had not forgiven him. Because of this war, the entire country was full of anti-German feelings and deeply despised that town’s people. And they had been greatly dishonored and mistrusted by everyone. So even after two World Wars, they had not forgotten the democrat president and like natural human behavior were not thinking logically or rationally about the economics of themselves. Samuel Lubell says in his book that â€Å"Whenever a new majority coalition comes into dominance, as the Democrats in toppling the old Republican ascendancy, it brings with it a distinctively different orbit of political conflict. This orbit also governs the movement of stru ggle within the minority party.† Although Lubell wrote this book in the 1951, but the theories of this book are still alive and fresh today. Lubell wrote both profoundly simple politics and simply profound politics. What his book reveals his that, when a political party has had a history of events strung along it just for the sake of victories, and so is presented as the majority party or the â€Å"sun†

Third King Jigme Dorji Wangchcuk Essay Example for Free

Third King Jigme Dorji Wangchcuk Essay The third druk gyalpo was born on may 2,1928 at thruepang palace near the trongsa dzong. in his early education included study of hindi,English languages and the Buddhist literature. he started the training at his father’s royal court early learning through the instruction from his father and court officials, the tradition and driglam namzha. In 1943,at the age of 14, he was awarded the post trongsa droenyer the red scarf. the prince went to kalimpong and then to great britian for further studies. his father his majesty jigme wangchuck deeply thought of giving the future king a broader education. After arriving back to bumthang ,jigme dorji wangchuck was appointed paro poenlop at the age of 17. in 1952 ,he married azhi kezang chedon and princess choeying wangmo dorji Gongzim sonam tobgye dorji Gongzim ugyen dorji Sherpa penchung pala Azhi kezang choedon,gongzim palden dorji Ugyen dorji who served as he gyadrung to trongs poenlop was later promoted to gongzim when ugyen wangchuck assumed the throne. sonam tobgye dorji took the post of gongzim in the rein of 2nd king Jigme wangchuck. sonam tobgye dorji’s son palden dorji took the post after the death of his father. In 1952 the 2nd king passed away leaving the throne to jigme dorji wangchuck. Jigme dori wangchuck was by then well trained and educated by his father and was ready to take the throne. his majesty had a aim of making a organized government and to preserve Bhutan’s rich culture and tradition. His majesty assumed the position of head o state and government (the commander in chief and the ultimate court of appeal). The king after receiving the scarves of kingship from the sacred shrine of zhabdrung participated in three day ceremony in paro. Massive crowd gathered including the British official and choegyal of Sikkim. the capital was moved to thimphu and had become the permanent national capital and built his palace at kazhinag,dechencholing. Social Reforms removal of slavery and serfdom he had put in lots of effort to abolish the practice of seftdom and slavery which had been in country since he 17th century.

Bringing the Dead Christ to the Patron in the Christian Tradition :: essays papers

Bringing the Dead Christ to the Patron in the Christian Tradition Art during the Christian tradition was produced to enhance the worship of saintly figures by church patrons. Paintings were not only used to tell a biblical story but also to form emotional connections between the patrons and the principles of the church. Artists in the Christian tradition strived to portray events of religious importance with maximum drama to make a lasting impression. They did this by applying artistic advances in ways that draw the patron into the painting. One such event was the death of Christ. While the artists in Florence were starting to practice the potential maximization of the individual, very different things were happening up in Flanders. The region, fresh out of the dark ages, was very centered on religion. Thomas a Kempis taught in his Imitatio Christi that the individual should devote their lives to living a more Christian life and should rid themselves of all secular things. People in this region were also interested in the philosophies of Aristotle and nominalism rather than in Plato as were the people of Florence, who would again search for the perfect ideal during the renaissance. The lack of interest in secular knowledge can be seen in Rogier Van Der Weyden’s Deposition (1435, see figure 1). The artists of Flanders had no interest in the study of the nude; therefore the figures in Deposition have oblong proportions and unnatural balance. However, the Flanders artisans had developed certain techniques, which made their works advanced in certain aspects. For centuries, monks in the area had been illuminating their manuscripts with extreme precision. This focus on detail is seen in Deposition. Every last hair is individualized and patterns on the drapery are painted to the very thread. The faces are no longer stylized but individualized so that you might recognize one of them if you saw them on the street. The advent of oil paint made the scene much more vibrant and allowed artists to paint and repaint over an area, being able to visualize the exact color before it was applied. This new technique far surpassed the limitations of tempera that was being used in Italy. The most important aspect of Deposition is the symbolic tie it makes between the patron and the church. It portrays the sorrow of Christ’s death at the agony of His loss.

Foreign Market Entry Strategies Essay

When an organization has made a decision to enter an overseas market, there are a variety of options open to it. These options vary with cost, risk and the degree of control which can be exercised over them. The simplest form of entry strategy is exporting using either a direct or indirect method such as an agent, in the case of the former, or countertrade, in the case of the latter. More complex forms include foreign direct investments which may involve joint ventures, or export processing zones. Having decided on the form of export strategy, decisions have to be made on the specific channels. Many agricultural products of a raw or commodity nature use agents, distributors or involve Government, whereas processed materials, whilst not excluding these, rely more heavily on more sophisticated forms of access. These are discussed in this paper. The three main ways are by direct or indirect export or production in a foreign country. Exporting Exporting is the most traditional and well established form of operating in foreign markets. Exporting can be defined as the marketing of goods produced in one country into another. Whilst no direct manufacturing is required in an overseas country, significant investments in marketing are required. The tendency may be not to obtain as much detailed marketing information as compared to manufacturing in marketing country; however, this does not negate the need for a detailed marketing strategy. Here the manufacturing is home based thus, it is less risky than overseas based. Besides giving an opportunity to â€Å"learn† overseas markets before investing in bricks and mortar, it also reduces the potential risks of operating overseas. Exporting methods include direct or indirect export. In direct exporting the organization may use an agent, distributor, or overseas subsidiary, or act via a Government agency. The disadvantage is mainly that one can be at the â€Å"mercy† of overseas agents and so the lack of control has to be weighed against the advantages. For example, in the exporting of African horticultural products, the agents and Dutch flower auctions are in a position to dictate to producers. According to Collett3 (1991) exporting requires a partnership between exporter, importer, government and transport. Without these four coordinating activities the risk of failure is increased. Contracts between buyer and seller are a must. Forwarders and agents can play a vital role in the logistics procedures such as booking air space and arranging documentation. Foreign direct investment Besides exporting, other market entry strategies include licensing, joint ventures, contract manufacture, ownership and participation in export processing zones or free trade zones. Licensing: Licensing is defined as â€Å"the method of foreign operation whereby a firm in one country agrees to permit a company in another country to use the manufacturing, processing, trademark, know-how or some other skill provided by the licensor†. It is quite similar to the â€Å"franchise† operation. Coca Cola is an excellent example of licensing. In Zimbabwe, United Bottlers have the licence to make Coke. Licensing involves little expense and involvement. The only cost is signing the agreement and policing its implementation.

Explain what is work force planning and what are the steps that involve in work force planning Essay

Work force planning is a continuous process and one of the important activities in an organization. The work force planning process starts by analyzing the company’s strategy. The result of this analysis is then taken to forecast the required demand for labor and how this is likely to be supported. Thereafter the human resource plan would be implemented which aims to deliver the right number, the right people for the business. There are 8 steps that are followed in work force planning; 1. Work force planning- Where, when and how many people are going to be needed. A company would gain many advantages if it acts strategically, proactively, correctly and efficiently. Also by thinking how it affects the strategy of the organization. For Ex: some companies in USA do not think in strategic manner. They will just meet up in a bar and just discuss how many people are required without thinking much ahead. This would lead to failure. 2. Candidate profiling- This means who do we need, what is the profile of that person that we are looking for, what should be the competency, what are the soft skills or hard skills that the company is looking at of a person etc. This comes through the process of bench marking, profiling, work of science. The company also has to really understand the position of the company, and what advantages it gives the company. It also involves predicting the person’s success in doing the job. 3. Employ branding- It involves the organization culture, which has things like how do we speak to our candidates, how we look after them, how do we brand ourselves etc. This is part of the strategic process of the organization. It matters as to how our organization differs from other company brandings how do we compete with them by this branding etc. 4. Source the Candidate- Most companies don’t source the right candidate. They don’t use the right way, or don’t brain the right people. As a result the wrong, candidate would remain in the organization and it becomes a burden to others and the department. Sourcing means how does a company go to the market and do the sourcing of candidates and how do they define it, company’s approach of doing it. How does the company strategically go to the market, consistently over time, where when the company needs it, ensuring that all the potential candidates that has the skill background the company is looking for is been approached. 5. Screening and Assessing –screening is looking at the hard skills and assessment is looking at the soft skills. 6. Selection- This is processes of bring down the number 100,200 odd applicants to a small number by assessing through different demarcations. A methodology should be outlined in doing so. 7. Retention- after hiring them how do we keep them. The best talent acquisition strategy, the talent management strategy is to grow people. Ex: onboarding/ orientation process, 360 degree review, training initiatives, career path, career development, exit interviews, leadership development strategy, work place study strategy, are the components of what we look at after hiring somebody to keep them engaged and to make them part of the organization. 8. Technology- HRIS, time attendance, background checks etc to make that process automated. This should be given least HR time, as much attention should be given to people aspect as this can operate fully outmodedly.

History of Pluto Exploration

History of Pluto Exploration Pluto has long been considered as the ninth planet from the sun. It is the sixth planet from the earth. It is so far away that for many centuries, astronomers and scientists were not able to study this planet as extensively as they would have wanted.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Pluto Exploration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More But because of the rapid improvement in technology whether in computers, telescope design or even the use of spacecraft to penetrate deep space, more light has been shed on this far flung planet of the solar system. In just one hundred years much has been known about Pluto than in all the years combined after Galileo pointed his telescope to the stars. Since the time that astronomers were able to use very powerful telescopes and peer into the night sky, they were dumbfounded by a scientific phenomenon. They observed that the orbit of Neptune did not quite follow the rules of New tonian physics. According to the director of New York City’s Hayden Planetarium, â€Å"Scientists saw the path of Neptune around the sun, and they saw that it wasn’t quite following Newton’s laws of gravity. And so either Newton was wrong †¦ or there was some other mass out there that they hadn’t cataloged yet that was influencing the motion of Neptune† (Cruz, 2009, p.1). So from that day forward until the discovery of the mysterious mass orbiting behind Neptune astronomers labeled this heavenly body as planet X (Cruz, 2009, p.1). It only required a dedicated astronomer with the right tools to discover what is behind this phenomenon. The Discovery of Pluto In 1930 an American astronomer made a commitment to discover the explanation as to why Neptune behaved that way. His name was Clyde Tombaugh and he was working at the Lowell Observatory (Brown Thomas, year, p.1). He was not even the chief astronomer but a mere observing assistant in the fac ility made famous by astronomer Percivall Lowell (Brown Thomas, year, p.1). But he was determined to discover planet X. After a year of painstaking research and the long nights of studying photographic plates, Tombaugh had his eureka moment on February 18, 1930 when he was comparing two plates taken one month before and by flicking the plates from one plate to the other Tombaugh hopes to spot the difference (Brown Thomas, year, p.1). As he was repeating the process he saw a tiny speck in the photo – a small object a few millimeters in size but that was the planet that he was looking for. His discovery changed the way people see the solar system (Brown Thomas, year, p.1). Tombaugh on the other hand received the recognition he richly deserved.Advertising Looking for essay on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Far, Far, Away There is no need to point out that Pluto is the farthest in the solar system. It is estimated to be thirty times smaller than Mercury and therefore it is a planet that is smaller the earth’s moon. It is also a planet that is one over five hundredth the size of planet earth. These facts and new discoveries forced many to initiate a debate whether it is proper to call Pluto a planet or a comet or piece of rock that orbits the sun. When it comes to Pluto there are more questions than answers. Scientists are also fascinated by its different behavior as compared to other eight planets that populate the solar system. For instance, in 1979 it was first discovered that Pluto only gets to complete its orbit after more than 200 years of movement around the sun. But there is more, this planet has a highly elliptical orbit that once in its two-hundred year orbit it inserts itself between Uranus and Neptune (NASA Science, ) It is an unsettling fact for some but a source of fascination for others. The aberration in the orbit path may occur once in two centuries but it is not rectified as quickly as one will expect. As mentioned the shift in orbit was noticed in 1979 but it was only â€Å"corrected† in February 11, 1999 – almost 20 years of staying within the orbits of Uranus and Neptune. Due to its distance and position relative to the sun, astronomers always associate Pluto with ice and a frigid climate. It is also easy to dismiss it as noting more than a chunk of ice and rock (Cowen, 2010, pl1). But recent developments suggest that there is more to Pluto than what scientists believe is possible. Marc Buie a planetary scientist discovered that Pluto has undergone some dramatic surface changes that prompted him and other scientists to conclude that it has become redder (Cowen, 2010, p.1). Buie and even his colleagues do not have an explanation why Pluto is undergoing significant changes. At first they thought that it was due to elevated levels of ultra-violet frays from the sun. Now they have abandoned this explanation because th ey believe that the sun’s rays were constant at the time that Pluto showed these changes. They are more likely to go with the second explanation. They said that Pluto’s distance from the sun coupled with a 248 year orbit around it is the most likely culprit for the color change of the planet’s surface (Cowen, 2010, p.1). This has another major implication. It means that there is more to this planet aside from its being the outermost planet in the solar system.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Pluto Exploration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Scientists must continue to probe and study Pluto and not be embroiled in the current controversy whether to change its designation as the 9th planet from the sun or just a chunk of ice orbiting behind Neptune just like the other large pieces of rock that can be seen in the Kuiper Belt but are deemed to be of less importance. This sentiment is ech oed by many astronomers and scientists all over the world. According to Tyson, the director of Hayden Planetarium in New York City, it is only Americans who are obsessed with Pluto but the rest of the world in his estimation are not that interested in this planet. Fran Bagenal a graduate student at MIT said that sending a mission to study Pluto in depth was seen as an uninteresting way to spend tax-payers money to force NASA to deploy a space prove over that region in the solar system. In fact, it is the only planet in the solar system that has not been visited by any unmanned spacecraft from the earth (NASA Science, 1999, p.1). It was pointed out that even the Hubble Space Telescope was not even programmed to go near it and take images close range. According to scientists the Hubble Space Telescope was only able to take pictures of the largest features of the planet’s surface (NASA Science, 1999, p.1). This has to change especially in the light of recent controversy regardin g Pluto’s nomenclature. While there are many who are not keen in spending millions of dollars to study Pluto there are those who wanted to give it a try. One of them is Alan Stern who since 1989 were badgering his scientists friends to petition NASA to explore Pluto. He was fascinated by the fact that Pluto resembles an overgrown comet rather than an undersized planet ( ) He is also interested to know more as to a phenomenon easily observable from the earth and it is the fact that solar winds blows gases from the surface of Pluto in the same way as seeds are blown from a dandelion flower () Stern also pointed out that Pluto is covered with frozen gases but these gases evaporate every time Pluto’s orbit is near the sun. This evaporated gases immediately forms an atmosphere but its gravity is so weak that a significant portion of that atmosphere is blown away (Guterl, 2006). But most importantly Stern argues that the significance of a more detailed study of Pluto is to r eveal the mysteries that lie at the edge of the solar system (Guterl, 2006). It is indeed a project that needs to be started soon. Conclusion It was not only the 2oth century that an astronomer was able to discover the planet Pluto and designated it as the ninth planet from the sun. It is located in the outer edges of the solar system and explains why it is frigid, covered with frozen gas and requires 248 years to complete one orbit.Advertising Looking for essay on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Its distance and size may be the real reason why NASA is not going to invest millions of dollars to send a spacecraft and study it in detail. But there is more to know about Pluto. It is time to invest more in studying this fascinating planet. The more scientists probe into Pluto the more they will understand the mysteries that lie behind the solar system. Brown, M. Thomas P. Pluto and the Developing Landscape. 2010. International Astronomic Union. Web. Cowen, Ron. Pluto Blushes Red. 2010. ScienceNews. Web. Cruz, Gilbert. Astrophysicist Neil de Grasse Tyson. 21 Time. 2009. Web. Guterl, Fred. Pluto Explored. 2006. Discover. Web. NASA Science. Much Ado about Pluto. 1999. NASA Science. Web.

A Brief Explanation of Evolution

A Brief Explanation of Evolution The theory of evolution is a scientific theory that essentially states that species change over time. There are many different ways species change, but most of them can be described by the idea of natural selection. The theory of evolution through natural selection was the first scientific theory that put together evidence of change through time as well as a mechanism for how it happens. History of the Theory of Evolution The idea that traits are passed down from parents to offspring has been around since the ancient Greek philosophers time. In the middle 1700s, Carolus Linnaeus came up with his taxonomic naming system, which grouped like species together and implied there was an evolutionary connection between species within the same group. The late 1700s saw the first theories that species changed over time. Scientists like the Comte de Buffon and Charles Darwins grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, both proposed that species changed over time, but neither man could explain how or why they changed. They also kept their ideas under wraps due to how controversial the thoughts were compared to accepted religious views at the time. John Baptiste Lamarck, a student of the Comte de Buffon, was the first to publicly state species changed over time. However, part of his theory was incorrect. Lamarck proposed that acquired traits were passed down to offspring. Georges Cuvier was able to prove that part of the theory incorrect, but he also had evidence that there were once living species that had evolved and gone extinct. Cuvier believed in catastrophism, meaning these changes and extinctions in nature happened suddenly and violently. James Hutton and Charles Lyell countered Cuviers argument with the idea of uniformitarianism. This theory said changes happen slowly and accumulate over time. Darwin and Natural Selection Sometimes called survival of the fittest, natural selection was most famously explained by Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species. In the book, Darwin proposed that individuals with traits most suitable to their environments lived long enough to reproduce and passed down those desirable traits to their offspring. If an individual had less than favorable traits, they would die and not pass on those traits. Over time, only the fittest traits of the species survived. Eventually, after enough time passed, these small adaptations would add up to create new species. These changes are precisely what makes us human.   Darwin was not the only person to come up with this idea at that time. Alfred Russel Wallace also had evidence and came to the same conclusions as Darwin around the same time. They collaborated for a short time and jointly presented their findings. Armed with evidence from all over the world due to their various travels, Darwin and Wallace received favorable responses in the scientific community about their ideas. The partnership ended when Darwin published his book. One very important part of the theory of evolution through natural selection is the understanding that individuals cannot evolve; they can only adapt to their environments. Those adaptations add up over time and, eventually, the entire species has evolved from what it was like earlier. This can lead to new species forming and sometimes extinction of older species. Evidence for Evolution There are many pieces of evidence that support the theory of evolution. Darwin relied on the similar anatomies of species to link them. He also had some fossil evidence that showed slight changes in the body structure of the species over time, often leading to vestigial structures. Of course, the fossil record is incomplete and has missing links. With todays technology, there are many other types of evidence for evolution. This includes similarities in the embryos of different species, the same DNA sequences found across all species, and an understanding of how DNA mutations  work in microevolution. More fossil evidence has also been found since Darwins time, although there are still many gaps in the fossil record. The Theory of Evolution Controversy Today, the theory of evolution is often portrayed in the media as a controversial subject. Primate evolution and the idea that humans evolved from monkeys has been a major point of friction between scientific and religious communities. Politicians and court decisions have debated whether or not schools should teach evolution or if they should also teach alternate points of view like intelligent design or creationism. The State of Tennessee v. Scopes, or the Scopes Monkey Trial, was a famous court battle over teaching evolution in the classroom. In 1925, a substitute teacher named John Scopes was arrested for illegally teaching evolution in a Tennessee science class. This was the first major court battle over evolution, and it brought attention to a formerly taboo subject. The Theory of Evolution in Biology The theory of evolution is often seen as the main overarching theme that ties all topics of biology together. It includes genetics, population biology, anatomy and physiology, and embryology, among others. While the theory has itself evolved and expanded over time, the principles laid out by Darwin in the 1800s still hold true today.

Continuing case report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Continuing case report - Research Paper Example The planning function enables management to think strategically and align or re-align its objectives. Hence the emphasis from relying on muscle cars such as Hummer shifted from much fuel efficient, electronic car models such as Chevy Volt. Being proud of its legacy, it was about time that GM reinvented its ways and launched a car that suites its customers and the market. With the big idea of Chevy Volt, the company also invested in smaller innovations that can complement its existing products. Planning ahead for future requires a visionary mind-set something GM was lacking for a long time but recent plans are proving fruitful. The change that GM went through was phenomenal, understanding the needs of the customers and the environment gave them much deserved success. The skills involved in such an Endeavour may range from problem solving skills, forecasting, decision making and inevitable change management skills besides the obvious leadership and managerial skills. The shift from mus cle to green fuels was a turnaround from traditional ways, something that helped the company gain increased market share and loyalty from customers. Question 2 The automotive industry, much like many other industries has undergone immense changes. The traditional reliance on carbon based fuels led to the deterioration of environment, besides being a costly fuel that saw increase in the global market. With harsh economic conditions customers started preferring smaller cars with small engine size with cheap maintenance costs. European Union and other advanced regions capped the CO2 emission standards that were not followed by models manufactured by GM. The awareness related to environment enhanced over time and countries started to introduce laws that would restrict car manufacturers from making traditional cars. Most competitors of GM started research and development on the subject matter decades before GM resulting in smaller more fuel efficient cars that became an instant hit in th e car market. The society that once preferred cars that are meaner with big engines and power started rethinking its preference and started opting for cheaper cars with fuel efficiency and less carob emissions. GM resisted this change and started making fewer units to attract its niche customers that were still in love with the muscle cars. Although the realization that society and political institutions would not approve of similar cars anymore the management reinvented its approach and after much wait and deliberation the first electronically fuelled car was launched. During this transition GM came close to getting bankrupt and was bailed out by the US government. With its existence at stake the management had no option but to discontinue its traditional muscle models and manufacture a car that would satisfy the needs of society and adhere to regulations posed by political institutions while remaining affordable for the customers. Question 3 GM is a pioneer in the automotive indus try; it remained the market leader in the America and had strong shares in other regions for decades. It created a strong brand image fuelled by its inventiveness and uncompromising quality products. It grew rapidly and owning a GM model was seen as prestige among the American citizens and nationalities. Based on its success and huge market share it started manufacturing hoards of cars that would appeal to

IT - Radio Frequency Identification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

IT - Radio Frequency Identification - Essay Example This arises because of the simple reason that an wireless monitoring system is capable of checking the work that a person does or claims to have done in addition to even the personal chores that one might attend to. It is like any other personal monitoring system, like say a video-graphy station in a parking lot. There will of course, be occasions when the monitoring station infringes in to the privacy of the individual. The user of such devices has to exhibit caution and responsibility in addition to technical prowess. RFID comes under two basic technological models. One, we call the passive RFID tag and the other an active RFID tag. While the passive RFID tag has a pretty long life with no supporting batteries inside the tag, the active RFID tag has a battery inside it which makes the life of the tag relatively lesser though the power consumption of such tags are very small1. The corollary of such a limited life is that, the RFID tags cannot be embedded permanently inside any object or an animal body including man. If it has to be done, then it has to be a passive tag. The passive tags have another major limitation being that they cannot be read from a distance that is greater than two feet effectively. There are passive tags that are supposed to read even from greater distances but are not found effective. Technologically this limitation arises because of the fact that the RFID tag uses the induction technology of the radio frequency waves. There is always an RFID reader that is placed at strategic points. These readers emanate radiations all around and get triggered once it senses a response. These readers are generally directed and emit radiations only in one direction. In case of a passive tag, the waves sent out by the reader induces a current in the tag itself. This powers the operation of the tag and it passes to the reader a specific number or identification that forms the basis of communication between the two. However, in case of an active tag, the active tag receives the signal and is able to boost it and send it back to the reader. Since this has an internal source of power, the active tags can respond to even very feeble signals from the readers. This is the reason why while passive tags can be read out of a distance of one and half feet to two feet, that of the active tag is much more. And as we have seen earlier, the same reason also has a disadvantage that of life time limitation. RFID provides its users the facility of storage, retrieval, erase and rewriting of the data in the RFID tags from the remote reader. This makes the RFID immensely powerful and enables it to have details like the entire patient history in case of hospitals, payment histories in case of customers / vendors and production data in case you need to monitor the work in progress. Remote reading and writing of data into the RFID tags also make it the right kind of tool to monitor animals in a farm and assets or library books that are issued and returned or routed to some body else. All these are massive advantages for industries. However, these can also be misused by having and storing data that goes into the

Elite Running Inc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Elite Running Inc - Case Study Example The inventory of Elite rose by 39% in 2003 as compared to 2002. The rise in the level of inventory was preplanned by the management in order to be prepared to grab the offers from the suppliers when they offer favorable prices for the company. The changes also indicate that while the sales have declined for the company by 24%, the gross profits have declined by 53.8%. This fall in gross profits was mainly due to the changes in the product prices due to the change in competitive market scenario with the appearance of a new entrant named, Stampy. The other significant changes include fall of retained earnings of the company by 11.2% and the fall of equity by 8.4%. Explanation for tick-marks b, e & k The explanation for the tick-marks has been explained as follows. Tick-mark b The fall in the accounts receivable of Elite Running Inc. in 2003 as compared to the value of 2003 could be explained by the fall of sales figures of the company. Due to the fall in the level of sales volume of th e company, the credit offered for sales also reduced. Thus the accounts receivable also declined in 2003 as compared to 2002. Tick-mark e The inventory of the company increased by 17 million dollars which is a rise of 39% in inventory level of 2003 as compared to that of 2002. ... Tick-mark k Elite running Inc. has faced unprecedented competition in 2003. The management forecasted a 10% rises in the sales as compared to 2002. However, due to entry of a new competitor and offers of a similar footwear and apparel product by the competitor eroded their market share as the customers inclined towards the products offered by Stampy. This led to the fall of revenue earnings of the company. In order to respond to the changed external environment, the company reduced its product prices. Although, it allowed the company to retain a large number of customers, the gross profit of the company declined. Discussion: auditing and accounting issues for identified changes The accounting and auditing issues identified in the valuation accounts receivable suggest that the valuation of accounts receivables should have been $51m instead of $60m that has been recorded in the books of accounts. The issue behind this gap is that the management has influenced the accountant and the aud itor in disclosing consistent value of aging account (AICPA 18). The accounts receivable figure for a period of less than 30 days has also been suggested to be maintained at 85%. In order to do this, the accounts receivable from the three sales transactions of the new sales and marketing tool of the company, named Andy Dufresne has not been recorded under the assurance of the management. This is an auditing issue as it shows clear deviation from standards of accounting (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission 1). The accounting and auditing issue involved in the rise of inventory level of Elite Running Inc. questions the gap between the available information on the receipt of supplier materials as the reason for rise in inventory and the

Drosophila Immunohistochemistry Practical

Drosophila Immunohistochemistry Practical Abstract Immunohistochemistry uses monoclonal antibodies to detect specific proteins in tissue samples with a visible label. For this practical, immunohistochemistry was used to visualise the distribution of protein in the 3rd instar Drosophila melanogaster larvae brain. The distribution of protein was visualised using a primary monoclonal antibody, and this primary antibody was then detected by a secondary antibody. Detection of the secondary antibody is via an enzyme reaction which produces a coloured precipitate. The secondary antibody used is a monoclonal antibody that recognises IgG from a mouse which is attached to alkaline phosphatase. Looking at the protein distribution pattern in the larval brain the antibody used was detected. Brain samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at room temperature for 20 minutes, then washed four times with PBST prior to blocking with 10% donkey serum for 45 minutes. The primary antibody was added, and the brains incub ated at 4 °C overnight. The antibody used was embryonic lethal abnormal vision (ELAV). This is because there are domains in the optic lobe which look like dots and webs from binding of ELAV to the specific proteins in the brain. Introduction Immunohistochemistry is the use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to detect specific proteins in sections of tissues. Applications of immunohistochemistry has been used by pathologists for the diagnosis of cancers. This is because certain antigens particularly tumour antigens are expressed in certain cancers (Kaliyappan et al, 2012). The main principles of immunohistochemistry include a primary antibody which binds to a specific protein of interest. Then a complex of an antibody binding to a specific protein is formed from incubation with a secondary antibody. Finally, in the presence of a substrate and chromogen, an enzyme catalysis happens to generate a coloured precipitate at the antibody-protein specific binding sites (Immunohistochemistry.us, n.d.). Monoclonal antibodies are specific antibodies produced by a B lymphocyte cell which recognises a specific protein such as an antigen. Polyclonal antibodies on the other hand are antibodies produced by a collection of different B lymphocytes. They are able to recognise specific epitopes on an antigen (Lipman et al., 2005). Primary antibodies are antibodies which bind to a specific antigen. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are classified as primary antibodies (Cheriyedath, 2016). Secondary antibodies are the antibodies which bind to the primary antibody to allow detection of the primary antibody under a microscope (Rockland-inc.com, n.d.). Primary and secondary antibodies are used because primary antibodies detect a complimentary protein which is of particular interest whilst the secondary antibody is raised against immunoglobulins associated with the primary antibody. The secondary antibody then associates with a linker molecule which then recruits reporter molecules or the antibody binds directly to the reporter molecule. Drosophila is used as a model organism because their genome is very closely related to the human genome. This means that human genes can be mapped to drosophila genes. Genes in human s which cause disease are also in drosophila. Many generations can be observed in drosophila because they have a short reproductive cycle. They are small so a lot of them can be kept in a laboratory. Fruit fly genes can be altered very easily. Transgenics can be easily produced in the flies and studied. A huge amount of biology is known for these fruit flies due to a lot of research and history in these flies (Jennings, 2011). Tumour-associated stromal cells can act non-autonomously to produce epithelial cancers. Using the drosophila model organism mutations have been identified in the human tumor susceptibility gene 101 (Tsg101) as a cause of these cancers. The Tsg101 homolog leads to Notch signalling and secretion of the JAK-STAT ligand, making neighbouring cells to grow. Drosophila serves as a model for cancer. The most present malignancies in the central nervous system include gliomas. Pathways for the gliomas in drosophila using the GAL4 system causes glias to increase and dama ge brain cells. (Spradling et al, 2006). The aim of this experiment was to use immunohistochemistry in order to detect protein distribution in the brain of the third instar Drosophila melanogaster larvae. By analysing the immuno stained sample the primary antibody used can be detected. Methods Steps of immunohistochemistry include: tissue preparation by fixation, protein retrieval, endogenous blockage and antibody labelling. In tissue preparation, tissues samples are preserved so protein and tissue architecture does not breakdown. Samples may be also need to be perfused for prevention of detecting non-specific proteins which can interfere with the detection of the target protein. In order for protein and tissue to not breakdown fixation is required. Steps of fixation include perfusion, immersion and freezing. In perfusion, tissues are perfused with a fixative to allow rapid fixation. During immersion tissues are immersed in the fixative to allow the fixative solution to diffuse through the tissue or cell sample. In the final step samples with protein that cannot survive fixation are frozen in liquid nitrogen whilst being embedded in a cryoprotective embedding medium. Once fixation is done the sample needs to be sectioned and mounted. The tissues which have been fixed with a paraformaldehyde solution are sectioned into slices which measure 4-5 µm using a microtome. After sectioning the sections are mounted onto a glass slide which is coated with an adhesive. Once mounting has been done the sections are dried and then deparaffinization takes place (Thermofisher.com, n.d.). The next major step is for the target protein to be retrieved. Paraffin is removed in order for the antibodies to reach the protein. Heat induced epitope retrieval is the most common used method to retrieve these proteins. This involves heating the slide at PH6 or PH9 depending on the antibody (Biosciences, 2014). Endogenous blocking needs to place because reagents which are present during immunohistochemistry are also present in cells. This can interfere with protein detection because of unwanted signals being produced that mistakenly detect an protein. Finally, the antibodies are labelled to detect the target antigens. The primary and secondary antibodies are diluted into a buffe r in order for the antibody to be stabilised. Rinse buffers are used between antibody applications to remove unbound antibodies (Thermofisher.com, n.d.). Once they are labelled the samples are viewed under a microscope (Biosciences, 2014). Results The primary antibody based on the protein distribution in the drosophila brain sample is the embroyonic lethal, abnormal vision (ELAV). A`ntenna A pair of appendages used for sensing. Eye disc The raised disk on the retina at the point of entry of the optic nerve, lacking visual receptors and so creating a blind spot. Optic stalk The constricted proximal portion of the optic vesicle in the embryo which forms the optic nerve. Optic lobe The lobe in the midbrain from which the optic nerve partly arises. Ventral nerve cord A chain of connected segmental ganglia which lies against the body wall in the body of the drosophila. Discussion In this practical, distribution of protein in the 3rd instar Drosophila melanogaster larvae brainwas detected using a primary antibody which binds to the specific antibody. Using a secondary antibody, the protein distribution was able to be visualised under a microscope by binding to the primary antibody. Based on the protein distribution visualised under the microscope the primary antibody used to bind to the proteins to produce the protein distribution was identified. The identified antibody was ELAV because there are domains in the optic lobe which look like discrete dots and webs. Embryonic lethal abnormal vision protein (ELAV protein) is a protein which binds to RNA thus an RNA binding protein expressed in brain cells of drosophila after birth. Repeats of an RNA binding domain approximately 80 amino acids in length is in these RNA-binding proteins. ELAV distribution has a similar distribution to many different splicing factors. Variants of genes which are correctly spliced in neurones are regulated by this ELAV protein. Additionally, this ELAV protein plays a role in the formation of the n-arm transcript of the drosophila armadillo. It is generated by splicing from exclusion from exon six of the ubiquitous arm. In mutant ELAV the amount of n-arm is reduced (Broody, 1996). Mutant ELAV have a short life span (Toba et al, 2010). Loss of function alleles for ELAV causes the drosophila embryo to be lethal with also mutant embryos having an abnormal neuropil. Also mutations produce abnormal eye structures, defective electroretinograms and flight defects. Mutant clo nes analysed in mosaic flies has shown that there is a post-embryonic role for ELAV for photoreceptor cells, optic lobe and associated neuropil areas to maintained. Because of this, phenotypes that appear to be a mutant has a role for ELAV in the formation and maintenance of the nervous system (Koushika et al, 1996). Significant divergence between humans and mouse has caused orthologous disease genes to arise. Orthologous genes arise due to speciation in homologous genes. An example is the TDP1 gene. This is a gene which has a role for Topo I DNA complexes to be repaired. TDP1 orthologs for expression in the inside of cells with localizations has been located in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Mutations in the TDP1 gene has been seen to have a causative link to spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy (SCAN1) disorder. This mutation is not present in mouse ortholog. TDP1 expression in human and mouse are different and produce different phenotypes. Selectins P and E for inflammation is different when compared between humans and mouse. The orthologous human version of selectin P from mouse does not have the pathway needed for regulation (Gharib and Robinson-Rechavi, 2011). Immunohistochemistry is a useful technique because it is used in research and pathology laboratories where immunohistochemistry can help with diagnosing neoplasias and pseudo-neoplastic lesions (De Matos et al, 2010). IHC is used to test efficacy of pharmaceutical drugs by detecting the activity or the regulation of disease targets. Immunohistochemistry is a technique specifically for detecting proteins such as antigens in a tissue sample. In situ hybridisation involves finding the location of targets for specific nucleic acids in tissues and cells which have been fixed to gain information for expression of genes and genetic loci (Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, n.d.). RT-PCR is used for RNA expression analysis. Knowing the mRNA is important to understand what gene it is and protein distribution allows us to understand what affect the gene has in an organism. Questions   Ã‚   The point of fixation is to fix the tissue sample so that putrefaction and autolysis does not occur. Fixation allows the tissue sample to kept in its natural state. This is important so that the structures in the cell do not fall apart and diffuse away. The fixative used in fixation disables intrinsic biomolecules, protects the tissue from extrinsic damage and also alters the tissue on a molecular level to increase their mechanical strength and stability. The step is very critical because proteins need to be localized because otherwise they will diffuse away from their initial location. Protein immobilization occurs before translocation. The final thing for fixation is that it achieves the most rapid reaction possible at a low temperature (Berod et al, 1981). Antibodies bind to epitopes on their complementary antigen. However sometimes these antibodies can bind to non-specific antibodies that is similar to the binding site on the target antibody. Because of this binding of non-specific sites, background staining can be created that can mask the detection of the target protein. To get rid of this background staining tissue samples are incubated with a buffer that blocks the reactive sites which are not 100% complimentary to the primary and secondary antibodies (Thermofisher.com, n.d.). NTMT solution is a buffer used for the blockage of non-specific binding sites (Ebioscience.com, n.d.). The colour reaction is the final step which involves visualising the tissue sample where a specific antibody binds to the tissue sample. After this the primary antibody is detected in two ways, directly or indirectly. The direct method is the colour producing reaction. The primary antibody is tagged with a peroxidase enzyme which is used in a reaction to generate a coloured product (Heyderman, 1979). Bibliography Berod, A., Hartman, B. and Pujol, J. (1981). Importance of fixation in immunohistochemistry: use of formaldehyde solutions at variable pH for the localization of tyrosine hydroxylase. Journal of Histochemistry Cytochemistry, 29(7), pp.844-850. Biosciences, I. (2014). Getting started with Immunohistochemistry Bitesize Bio. [Online] Bitesize Bio. Available at: http://bitesizebio.com/20929/getting-started-with-immunohistochemistry/ [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Broody, T. (1996). Interactive Fly, Drosophila. [Online] Sdbonline.org. Available at: http://www.sdbonline.org/sites/fly/neural/elav.htm [Accessed 15 Dec. 2016]. Cheriyedath, S. (2016). Primary and Secondary Antibodies: Whats the Difference?. [Online] News-Medical.net. Available at: http://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Primary-and-Secondary-Antibodies-Whats-the-Difference.aspx [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. De Matos, L., Trufelli, D., da Silva Pinhal, M. and de Matos, M. (2010). Immunohistochemistry as an Important Tool in Biomarkers Detection and Clinical Practice. Biomarker Insights, 5(5), pp.9-20. Ebioscience.com. (n.d.). IHC Buffers and Solutions. [Online] Available at: http://www.ebioscience.com/knowledge-center/application/ihc/buffers-solutions-for-ihc.htm [Accessed 11 Dec. 2016]. Gharib, W. and Robinson-Rechavi, M. (2011). When orthologs diverge between human and mouse. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 12(5), pp.436-441. Heyderman, E. (1979). Immunoperoxidase technique in histopathology: applications, methods, and controls. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 32(10), pp.971-978. Immunohistochemistry.us. (n.d.). Immunohistochemistry Principle (IHC Principle). [Online] Available at: http://www.immunohistochemistry.us/IHC-principle.html [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Jennings, B. (2011). Drosophila a versatile model in biology medicine. Materials Today, 14(5), pp.190-195. Kaliyappan, K., Palanisamy, M., Duraiyan, J. and Govindarajan, R. (2012). Applications of immunohistochemistry. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 4(6), pp.307-309. Koushika, S., Lisbin, M. and White, K. (1996). ELAV, a Drosophila neuron-specific protein, mediates the generation of an alternatively spliced neural protein isoform. Current Biology, 6(12), pp.1634-1641. Lipman, N., Jackson, L., Trudel, L. and Weis-Garcia, F. (2005). Monoclonal Versus Polyclonal Antibodies: Distinguishing Characteristics, Applications, and Information Resources. ILAR Journal, 46(3), pp.258-268. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. (n.d.). In Situ Hybridization (ISH). [Online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/probe/docs/techish/ [Accessed 12 Dec. 2016]. Rockland-inc.com. (n.d.). Secondary Antibody Overview. [Online] Available at: http://www.rockland-inc.com/secondary-antibodies.aspx [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Spradling, A., Ganetsky, B., Hieter, P., Johnston, M., Olson, M., Orr-Weaver, T., Rossant, J., Sanchez, A. and Waterson, R. (2006). New Roles for Model Genetic Organisms in Understanding and Treating Human Disease: Report From The 2006 Genetics Society of America Meeting. Genetics, 172(4), pp.2025-2032. Thermofisher.com. (n.d.). Overview of Immunohistochemistry | Thermo Fisher Scientific. [Online] Available at: https://www.thermofisher.com/uk/en/home/life-science/protein-biology/protein-biology-learning-center/protein-biology-resource-library/pierce-protein-methods/overview-immunohistochemistry.html [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016]. Toba, G., Yamamoto, D. and White, K. (2010). Life-span phenotypes of elav and Rbp9 in Drosophila suggest functional cooperation of the two elav-family protein genes. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 74(4), pp.261-265.